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Q331. An attacker has been successfully modifying the purchase price of items purchased at a web site. The security administrators verify the web server and Oracle database have not been compromised directly. They have also verified the IDS logs and found no attacks that could have caused this. What is the mostly likely way the attacker has been able to modify the price?
A. By using SQL injection
B. By using cross site scripting
C. By changing hidden form values in a local copy of the web page
D. There is no way the attacker could do this without directly compromising either the web server or the database
Answer: C
Explanation: Changing hidden form values is possible when a web site is poorly built and is trusting the visitors computer to submit vital data, like the price of a product, to the database.
Q332. Which of the following are potential attacks on cryptography? (Select 3)
A. One-Time-Pad Attack
B. Chosen-Ciphertext Attack
C. Man-in-the-Middle Attack
D. Known-Ciphertext Attack
E. Replay Attack
Answer: BCE
Explanation: A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis in which the cryptanalyst chooses a ciphertext and causes it to be decrypted with an unknown key. Specific forms of this attack are sometimes termed "lunchtime" or "midnight" attacks, referring to a scenario in which an attacker gains access to an unattended decryption machine. In cryptography, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM) is an attack in which an attacker is able to read, insert and modify at will, messages between two parties without either party knowing that the link between them has been compromised. The attacker must be able to observe and intercept messages going between the two victims. A replay attack is a form of network attack in which a valid data transmission is maliciously or fraudulently repeated or delayed. This is carried out either by the originator or by an adversary who intercepts the data and retransmits it, possibly as part of a masquerade attack by IP packet substitution (such as stream cipher attack).
Q333. ETHER: Destination address : 0000BA5EBA11 ETHER: Source address :
00A0C9B05EBD ETHER: Frame Length : 1514 (0x05EA) ETHER: Ethernet Type :
0x0800 (IP) IP: Version = 4 (0x4) IP: Header Length = 20 (0x14) IP:
Service Type = 0 (0x0) IP: Precedence = Routine IP: ...0.... = Normal
Delay IP: ....0... = Normal Throughput IP: .....0.. = Normal
Reliability IP: Total Length = 1500 (0x5DC) IP: Identification = 7652
(0x1DE4) IP: Flags Summary = 2 (0x2) IP: .......0 = Last fragment in
datagram IP: ......1. = Cannot fragment datagram IP: Fragment Offset =
(0x0) bytes IP: Time to Live = 127 (0x7F) IP: Protocol = TCP -Transmission Control IP: Checksum = 0xC26D IP: Source Address =
10.0.0.2 IP:
Destination Address = 10.0.1.201 TCP: Source Port = Hypertext Transfer
Protocol TCP: Destination Port = 0x1A0B TCP: Sequence Number =
97517760 (0x5D000C0) TCP: Acknowledgement Number = 78544373 (0x4AE7DF5)
TCP:
Data Offset = 20 (0x14) TCP: Reserved = 0 (0x0000) TCP: Flags =
0x10 : .A.... TCP: ..0..... = No urgent data TCP: ...1.... =
Acknowledgement field significant TCP: ....0... = No Push function TCP:
.....0.. = No Reset TCP: ......0. = No Synchronize TCP: .......0 = No
Fin TCP: Window = 28793 (0x7079) TCP: Checksum = 0x8F27 TCP: Urgent
Pointer = 0 (0x0)
An employee wants to defeat detection by a network-based IDS application. He does not want to attack the system containing the IDS application. Which of the following strategies can be used to defeat detection by a network-based IDS application?
A. Create a SYN flood
B. Create a network tunnel
C. Create multiple false positives
D. Create a ping flood
Answer: B
Explanation: Certain types of encryption presents challenges to network-based intrusion detection and may leave the IDS blind to certain attacks, where a host-based IDS analyzes the data after it has been decrypted.
Q334. What hacking attack is challenge/response authentication used to prevent?
A. Replay attacks
B. Scanning attacks
C. Session hijacking attacks
D. Password cracking attacks
Answer: A
Explanation: A replay attack is a form of network attack in which a valid data transmission is maliciously or fraudulently repeated or delayed. This is carried out either by the originator or by an adversary who intercepts the data and retransmits it. With a challenge/response authentication you ensure that captured packets can’t be retransmitted without a new authentication.
Q335. You visit a website to retrieve the listing of a company's staff members. But you can not find it on the website. You know the listing was certainly present one year before. How can you retrieve information from the outdated website?
A. Through Google searching cached files
B. Through Archive.org
C. Download the website and crawl it
D. Visit customers' and prtners' websites
Answer: B
Explanation: Archive.org mirrors websites and categorizes them by date and month depending on the crawl time. Archive.org dates back to 1996, Google is incorrect because the cache is only as recent as the latest crawl, the cache is over-written on each subsequent crawl. Download the website is incorrect because that's the same as what you see online. Visiting customer partners websites is just bogus. The answer is then Firmly, C, archive.org
Q336. How does Traceroute map the route that a packet travels from point A to point B?
A. It uses a TCP Timestamp packet that will elicit a time exceed in transit message.
B. It uses a protocol that will be rejected at the gateways on its way to its destination.
C. It manipulates the value of time to live (TTL) parameter packet to elicit a time exceeded in transit message.
D. It manipulated flags within packets to force gateways into generating error messages.
Answer: C
Explanation: Traceroute works by increasing the "time-to-live" value of each successive batch of packets sent. The first three packets have a time-to-live (TTL) value of one (implying that they make a single hop). The next three packets have a TTL value of 2, and so on. When a packet passes through a host, normally the host decrements the TTL value by one, and forwards the packet to the next host. When a packet with a TTL of one reaches a host, the host discards the packet and sends an ICMP time exceeded (type 11) packet to the sender. The traceroute utility uses these returning packets to produce a list of hosts that the packets have traversed en route to the destination.
Q337. What is the advantage in encrypting the communication between the agent and the monitor in an Intrusion Detection System?
A. Encryption of agent communications will conceal the presence of the agents
B. The monitor will know if counterfeit messages are being generated because they will not be encrypted
C. Alerts are sent to the monitor when a potential intrusion is detected
D. An intruder could intercept and delete data or alerts and the intrusion can go undetected
Answer: B
Q338. John wishes to install a new application onto his Windows 2000 server.
He wants to ensure that any application he uses has not been Trojaned.
What can he do to help ensure this?
A. Compare the file's MD5 signature with the one published on the distribution media
B. Obtain the application via SSL
C. Compare the file's virus signature with the one published on the distribution media
D. Obtain the application from a CD-ROM disc
Answer: A
Explanation: MD5 was developed by Professor Ronald L. Rivest of MIT. What it does, to quote the executive summary of rfc1321, is:
[The MD5 algorithm] takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest. The MD5 algorithm is intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be "compressed" in a secure manner before being encrypted with a private (secret) key under a public-key cryptosystem such as RSA.
In essence, MD5 is a way to verify data integrity, and is much more reliable than checksum and many other commonly used methods.
Q339. A user on your Windows 2000 network has discovered that he can use L0phtcrack to sniff the SMB exchanges which carry user logons. The user is plugged into a hub with 23 other systems. However, he is unable to capture any logons though he knows that other users are logging in.
What do you think is the most likely reason behind this?
A. There is a NIDS present on that segment.
B. Kerberos is preventing it.
C. Windows logons cannot be sniffed.
D. L0phtcrack only sniffs logons to web servers.
Answer: B
Explanation: In a Windows 2000 network using Kerberos you normally use pre-authentication and the user password never leaves the local machine so it is never exposed to the network so it should not be able to be sniffed.
Q340. Which of the following tools are used for footprinting?(Choose four.
A. Sam Spade
B. NSLookup
C. Traceroute
D. Neotrace
E. Cheops
Answer: ABCD
Explanation: All of the tools listed are used for footprinting except Cheops.
