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Q61. CORRECT TEXT

Whoever creates the file on /data make automatically owner group should be the group owner of /data directory.

Answer and Explanation:

When user creates the file/directory, user owner will be user itself and group owner will be the primary group of the user.

There is one Special Permission SGID , when you set the SGID bit on directory,When users creates the file/directory automatically owner group will be same as a parent.

1. chmod g+s /data

2. Verify using: ls -ld /data

You will get: drwxrws---


Q62. CORRECT TEXT

Boot your System Successfully on runlevel 3. (Next Question)

Answer and Explanation:

This is boot related problem. There will be same questions repeated two times but problem is different.

First When you restart the system you will get the Error:

File Not Found

mount: error 15 mounting ext3

mount: error 2 mounting none

switchroot: mount failed: 22

umount /initrd/dev/: 2

Kernel Panic: no syncing: Attempted to kill init !

Restart the System

Check the grub boot loader configuration by pressing e shortcut key.

You will see like:

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root= / rhgb quiet

initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

OR

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/root rhgb quiet

initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

Then Edit Boot loader to make like

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet

initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

Check all lines and edit as same as above. Press b to boot the system

After booting the system you should correct the /etc/grub.conf file.

If still you are getting Error like File not found, it seems that either kernel file or initrd file is missing.

To troubleshoot with these problem, boot the system on rescue mode.

i. linux rescue

ii. chroot /mnt/sysimage

iii. Check the files on /boot, if not available install the kernel package from ftp or nfs server

iv. Create the initrd image file on boot using: mkinitrd initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img `uname -r`


Q63. CORRECT TEXT

Boot your System Successfully on run level 3.

Answer and Explanation:

After completing the Boot loader problem, you will boot the system, but it goes to emergency mode. Remember that if System boots on Emergency mode that means file system problem.

You will get the Shell, remount the / filesystem with read and write mode.

1. First Find out the / filesystem using e2lable /dev/hda1, e2lable /dev/hda2 etc

2. mount -o remount,defaults /dev/hda? /

3. vi /etc/fstab

You will get like:

/root / ext3 defaults 1 1

or / /root ext3 defaults 1 1

4. Edit the file like:

/ / ext3 defaults 1 1

5. Configure the /etc/grub.conf file if just booting system by editing grub from grub prompt.

6. Reboot the system.


Q64. CORRECT TEXT

Create the user named user1, user2, user3

Answer and Explanation:

2. useradd user1

3. useradd user2

4. useradd user3

5. passwd user1

6. passwd user2

7. passwd user3

We create the user using useradd command and we change the password of user using passwd command. If you want to set the blank password use: passwd -d username.


Q65. CORRECT TEXT

Change the Group Owner of /data to training group.

Answer and Explanation:

chown or chgrp command is used to change the ownership.

Syntax of chown: chown [-R] username:groupname file/directory

Syntax of chgrp: chgrp [-R] groupname file/directory

Whenever user creates the file or directory, the owner of that file/directory automatically will be that user and that user's primary group name.

To change group owner ship

1. chgrp training /data à Which set the Group Ownership to training

or

chown root.training /data àWhich set the user owner to root and group owner to training group.

Verify /data using: ls -ld /data

You will get: drwxr-xr-x 2 root training ..............


Q66. CORRECT TEXT

You have a dedicated internet line in your LAN and IP from your ISP is 202.2.2.2. Your LAN is in 192.168.0.0/24. Configure the SNAT that allows all system in your LAN can access the Internet.

Answer and Explanation:

1. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp -j SNAT -to-source 202.2.2.2.

POSTROUTINGà This filter point handles packets immediately prior leaving the system.

When Packets leave the system all's source address change to 202.2.2.2 and can access the internet. iptables is the build-in firewall tools, used to filter the packets and for nat. By identifying Source Address, Destination Address, type of protocol, source and destination port we can filter the packets.

-sà Source Address

-dà Destination Address

-p à Layer 3 Protocol

-dàDestination Address

--sportà Source Prot

--dportàDestination Port

-ià Incoming Interface

-oà Outgoing Interface

-t à Table either filter or nat or mangle

-Aà Chain can be either INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD, PREROUTING, POSTROUTING.


Q67. CORRECT TEXT

Eric user should able to write on Document root directory.

Answer and Explanation:

Document directive is used in apache configuration file to specify the directory where all web site related documents are. According to question eric user should able to write into the Document root directory.

Better set the permission using ACL (Access Control List), to apply the permission using acl needs to mount the filesystem with acl options. Example in above answer documentroot is in /var and /var is mounting separate file system so needs to mount the /var file system with acl option.

1. vi /etc/fstab

LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 1

2. mount -o remount /var

3. setfacl -m u:eric:rwx /var/www/example

4. getfacl /var/www/example

getfacl and setfacl two commands used to maintain the permission through acl. setfacl is used to set the permission on file/directory, getfacl is used to display the permission of file/directory.


Q68. CORRECT TEXT

Configure to allow the ssh service only from 192.168.0.0/24 except 192.168.0.4

Answer and Explanation:

1. vi /etc/hosts.deny

sshd: 192.168.0. EXCEPT 192.168.0.4

We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny.

There will be three stage access checking

-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?

- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?

- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.

To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT operation.

Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:

Demon_list:client_list:options

In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.


Q69. CORRECT TEXT

If any mail coming from outside of the local LAN block all mails.

Answer and Explanation:

Outside the LAN means cracker.org. All host on exam on example.com domain and outside domain means cracker.org.

To block the mail coming from cracker.org

1. vi /etc/mail/access

@cracker.rog REJECT

2. service sendmail start | restart

3. chkconfig sendmail on


Q70. CORRECT TEXT

You are giving RHCE exam. Examiner gave you the Boot related problem and told to you that make successfully boot the System. While booting system, you saw some error and stop the boot process by displaying some error messages.

Kernel Panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!

And no further boot process. What you will do to boot the system.

Answer and Explanation:

To understand the role of a boot loader, take a step back from Linux. When you boot your computer, the BIOS starts by detecting basic hardware, including your hard drives. Once it's done, it looks for the boot loader on the Master Boot Record of the first available disk. If you're working with an older PC, the BIOS can't find your boot loader unless it's located within the first 1,024 cylinders of the hard disk.

Newer BIOSes overcome this problem with Logical Block Addressing, which is also known as LBA mode. LBA mode reads 'logical' values for the cylinder, head, and sector, which allows the BIOS to 'see' a larger disk drive.

If you have multiple hard drives, there is one more caveat. If your drives are IDE hard drives, the /boot directory must be on a hard drive attached to the primary IDE controller. If your drives are all SCSI hard drives, the /boot directory must be located on a hard drive with SCSI ID 0 or ID 1. If you have a mix of hard drives, the /boot directory must be located on either the first IDE drive or a SCSI drive with ID 0. In other words, this is not an issue on the Red Hat exams unless the computer that you're tested on has more than two hard drives. And I believe that's less likely, as that would increase the cost of the exam.

If you are getting the Kernel panic error, it means it is boot loader related problem. Redhat Enterprise Linux uses the GRUB boot loader. You can pass the kernel parameter from the boot loader as well as you can correct the kernel parameter passing from boot loader from GRUB screen at boot time.

GRUB boot loader configuration file is: /etc/grub.conf

And Correct Configuration is:

default=0

timeout=5

splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz

hiddenmenu

title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet

initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

Probably miss-configured the boot loader, so giving this problem. You can pass the correct parameter from GRUB prompt:

If you know all parameters and sequence of the boot loader you can enter in command prompt also.

Press c on GRUB screen.

Grub> root (hd0,0)

grub> kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet

grub> initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img

grub>boot