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Q191. Which Cisco IOS VPN technology leverages IPsec, mGRE, dynamic routing protocol, NHRP, and
Cisco Express Forwarding?
A. FlexVPN
B. DMVPN
C. GETVPN
D. Cisco Easy VPN
Answer: B
Q192. Which command do you use to connect a dense-mode domain to a sparse-mode multicast domain?
A. none, because there is no such command
B. ip pim spt-threshold infinity
C. ip pim register dense-mode
D. ip pim dense-mode proxy-register
Answer: D
Explanation:
For IP PIM multicast, Cisco recommends Sparse-Mode over Dense-Mode. In the midst of our network migration, we have a new network operating in Sparse-Mode with Anycast rendezvous point (RP) but our existing network is still operating in Dense-Mode. To bridge two different modes across both PIM domains, we should use the ip pim dense-mode proxy-register command on the interface leading toward the bordering dense mode region. This configuration will enable the border router to register traffic from the dense mode region (which has no concept of registration) with the RP in the sparse mode domain.
Reference: http://networkerslog.blogspot.com/2010/12/bridging-dense-mode-pim-to-sparse-mode.html
Q193. Refer to the exhibit.
If the route to 10.1.1.1 is removed from the R2 routing table, which server becomes the master NTP server?
A. R2
B. the NTP server at 10.3.3.3
C. the NTP server at 10.4.4.4
D. the NTP server with the lowest stratum number
Answer: D
Explanation:
NTP uses a concept called “stratum” that defines how many NTP hops away a device is from an authoritative time source. For example, a device with stratum 1 is a very accurate device and might have an atomic clock attached to it. Another NTP server that is using this stratum 1 server to sync its own time would be a stratum 2 device because it’s one NTP hop further away from the source. When you configure multiple NTP servers, the client will prefer the NTP server with the lowest stratum value.
Reference: https://networklessons.com/network-services/cisco-network-time-protocol-ntp/
Q194. Refer to the exhibit.
Which statement is true about the downward bit?
A. It forces the CE router to use a backup link instead of sending traffic via MPLS VPN.
B. It informs the PE router that the LSA metric has been recently decreased to 1 and that partial SPF calculation cannot be delayed.
C. It forces the CE router to install the LSA with the downward bit set into its routing table as a discard route.
D. It informs the PE router that the LSA was already redistributed into BGP by another PE router and that the LSA must not be redistributed into BGP again.
Answer: D
Explanation:
From RFC 4577, specifically section 4.2.5.1
When a type 3 LSA is sent from a PE router to a CE router, the DN bit [OSPF-DN] in the LSA Options field MUST be set. This is used to ensure that if any CE router sends this type 3 LSA to a PE router, the PE router will not redistribute it further.
When a PE router needs to distribute to a CE router a route that comes from a site outside the latter’s OSPF domain, the PE router presents itself as an ASBR (Autonomous System Border Router), and distributes the route in a type 5 LSA. The DN bit [OSPF-DN] MUST be set in these LSAs to ensure that they will be ignored by any other PE routers that receive them.
Q195. Refer to the exhibit.
Which statement about the device routing table is true?
A. Only networks 10.10.10.0/24 and smaller from host 192.168.168.1 are in the routing table.
B. Only networks 10.10.10.0/24 and larger from host 192.168.168.1 are in the routing table.
C. Only network 10.10.10.0/24 from host 192.168.168.1 is in the routing table.
D. Networks 10.10.10.0/24 and smaller from any host are in the routing table.
Answer: A
Explanation:
When you add the keywords “GE” and “LE” to the prefix-list, the “len” value changes its meaning. When using GE and LE, the len value specifies how many bits of the prefix you are checking, starting with the most significant bit. ip prefix-list LIST permit 1.2.3.0/24 le 32
This means: Check the first 24 bits of the prefix 1.2.3.0 The subnet mask must be less than or equal to 32
Reference: http://blog.ine.com/2007/12/26/how-do-prefix-lists-work/
Most up-to-date 400-101 practice exam:
Q196. Refer to the exhibit.
Why is the prefix 1.1.1.1/32 not present in the routing table of R1?
A. There is a duplicate router ID.
B. There is a subnet mask mismatch on Ethernet0/0.
C. The router LSA has an invalid checksum.
D. There is an OSPF network type mismatch that causes the advertising router to be unreachable.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A common problem when using Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is routes in the database don't appear in the routing table. In most cases OSPF finds a discrepancy in the database so it doesn't install the route in the routing table. Often, you can see the Adv Router is not-reachable message (which means that the router advertising the LSA is not reachable through OSPF) on top of the link-state advertisement (LSA) in the database when this problem occurs. Here is an example:
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS agE. 418
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS TypE. Router
Links Link State ID. 172.16.32.2
Advertising Router: 172.16.32.2
LS Seq Number: 80000002
Checksum: 0xFA63
Length: 60
Number of Links: 3
There are several reasons for this problem, most of which deal with mis-configuration or a broken topology. When the configuration is corrected the OSPF database discrepancy goes away and the routes appear in the routing table.
Reason 1: Network Type Mismatch
Let's use the following network diagram as an example:
R4-4K
R1-7010
interface Loopback0
ip address 172.16.33.1 255.255.255.255
interface Serial2
ip address 172.16.32.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network broadcast
router ospf 20
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
interface Loopback0
ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.255
!
interface Serial1/0
ip address 172.16.32.2 255.255.255.0
clockrate 64000
router ospf 20
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
R4-4K(4)# show ip ospf interface serial 2
Serial2 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 172.16.32.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 20, Router ID 172.16.33.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 172.16.33.1, Interface address 172.16.32.1
Backup Designated router (ID) 172.16.32.2, Interface address 172.16.32.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:08
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 172.16.32.2 (Backup Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
R1-7010(5)# show ip ospf interface serial 1/0
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 172.16.32.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 20, Router ID 172.16.32.2, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:02
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 172.16.33.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
As you can see above, Router R4-4K is configured for broadcast, and Router R1-7010 is configured for point-to-point. This kind of network type mismatch makes the advertising router unreachable.
R4-4K(4)# show ip ospf database router 172.16.32.2
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS agE. 418
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS TypE. Router Links
Link State ID. 172.16.32.2
Advertising Router: 172.16.32.2
LS Seq Number: 80000002
Checksum: 0xFA63
Length: 60
Number of Links: 3
Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID. 172.16.33.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 172.16.32.2
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 172.16.32.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.0
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
R1-7010(5)# show ip ospf database router 172.16.33.1
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS agE. 357
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS TypE. Router Links
Link State ID. 172.16.33.1
Advertising Router: 172.16.33.1
LS Seq Number: 8000000A
Checksum: 0xD4AA
Length: 48
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 172.16.32.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 172.16.32.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
You can see that for subnet 172.16.32.0/24, Router R1-7010 is generating a point-to-point link and Router R4-4K is generating a transit link. This creates a discrepancy in the link-state database, which means no routes are installed in the routing table.
R1-7010(5)# show ip route
172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.16.32.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
C 172.16.30.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
Solution
To solve this problem, configure both routers for the same network type. You can either change the network type of Router R1-7010 to broadcast, or change Router R4-4K's serial interface to point-to-point.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/7112-26.html
Q197. Which two statements about the metric-style wide statement as it applies to route redistribution are true? (Choose two.)
A. It is used in IS-IS.
B. It is used in OSPF.
C. It is used in EIGRP.
D. It is used for accepting TLV.
E. It is used in PIM for accepting mroutes.
F. It is used for accepting external routes.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
To configure a router running IS-IS to generate and accept only new-style TLVs (TLV stands for type, length, and value object), use the metric-style wide command.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_0s/feature/guide/TE_1208S.html#wp49409
Q198. Refer to the exhibit.
You have configured two routing protocols across this point-to-point link. How many BFD sessions will be established across this link?
A. three per interface
B. one per multicast address
C. one per routing protocol
D. one per interface
Answer: D
Explanation:
Cisco devices will use one Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) session for multiple client protocols in the Cisco implementation of BFD for Cisco IOS Releases 12.2(18)SXE, 12.0(31)S, and 12.4(4)T. For example, if a network is running OSPF and EIGRP across the same link to the same peer, only one BFD session will be established, and BFD will share session information with both routing protocols.
Reference: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_0s/feature/guide/fs_bfd.html#wp1053749
Q199. DRAG DROP
Drag and drop each step of the Unicast RPF process on the left into the correct order on the right.
Answer:
Q200. Which standard feature can be exploited by an attacker to perform network reconnaissance?
A. IP-directed broadcast
B. maintenance operations protocol
C. ICMP redirects
D. source quench
Answer: C
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